Key topics to study

• —Resource classification: ownership (individual, community, national), origin (biotic, abiotic), exhaustibility (renewable, non-renewable), development (potential, developed, stock)
• —5 soil types: Alluvial (Indo-Gangetic, fertile, rice), Black (Deccan, cotton), Red (low rainfall), Laterite (high rainfall, acidic), Desert (arid, sandy)
• —Forest types: Tropical deciduous (70-200cm rainfall), tropical evergreen (>250cm), tropical thorn (arid), temperate (Himalayan)
• —Water: Total 4,000 km³, utilisable 1,100 km³ (28%); 80% rainfall in monsoon; uneven distribution (Northeast surplus, Northwest scarce)
• —Irrigation: Canal (40%), Well/Tube-well (40%), Tank, Drip (most efficient, 30-50% water savings)
• —Mineral distribution: Iron (Odisha, Jharkhand), Coal (Odisha, Chhattisgarh), Bauxite (Odisha), Salt (Gujarat)
• —Mining impacts: Deforestation, water pollution, air pollution, habitat loss, tribal displacement; solutions: assessments, reclamation, recycling, regulations
• —Water scarcity causes: Uneven distribution, seasonal variation, groundwater depletion, pollution, population growth, climate change
• —Sustainable development: Meeting present needs without compromising future generations; strategies: conservation, sustainable use, recycling, regulations, community participation (JFM)
• —Conservation examples: Chipko Movement (saved forests), JFM (community management), Green Revolution (food security), Rainwater harvesting, Renewable energy expansion